Summer Snowflake
Leucojum aestivum Linnaeus
Summer Snowflake: https://marylandbiodiversity.com/species/10240
Synonyms
Tags
Non-native Invasive

Map Snapshot

26 Records

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Status

This native of Europe and western Asia is a perennial herb that is becoming invasive in the United States. It has been reported from the East and West Coasts and some states in the central United States. It grows in marshes, wet meadows, wetlands, wet woodlands, and willow thickets.

Summer Snowflake has been reported from a number of counties in Maryland.

At Patuxent Research Refuge, in Prince George's County, there is now a large, dense stand of this plant in a bog/fen complex. The herbarium at the refuge had noted two small colonies on the property as far back as 1956. At first it spread slowly, but then picked up speed and now has completely out-competed other species where it occurs (S. Droege, pers. comm., 5/1/2021).

The threat of this non-native plant to natural areas in Maryland seems to be growing.

Description

Summer Snowflake can grow to 1-1.5 ft. tall and has showy white flowers that bloom in mid-spring (not summer).

Seasonality Snapshot

Resources

View at iNaturalist View at Nature Serve Search Google Images Search MBP Facebook posts
View at Maryland Plant Atlas Search Flora of North America Search Mid-Atlantic Herbaria Consortium Search Norton-Brown Herbarium
MBP marks as "Invasive" any taxon listed in the Maryland Invasive Species Council (MISC) list of Invasive Species of Concern in Maryland. You can read their criteria and review the lists here: https://mdinvasives.org/species-of-concern/. Use of media featured on Maryland Biodiversity Project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer.

Source: Wikipedia

Leucojum aestivum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Genus: Leucojum
Species:
L. aestivum
Binomial name
Leucojum aestivum
Synonyms[2]
  • Leucojum hernandezii Cambess.
  • Leucojum pulchellum Salisb.
  • Nivaria aestivalis Moench
  • Nivaria monadelphia Medik.
  • Polyanthemum aestivale (Moench) Bubani

Leucojum aestivum, commonly called the summer snowflake,[3] giant snowflake,[4] Loddon lily[3] (see River Loddon § Loddon lily) and rarely snowbell[5] and dewdrop[5] among others,[a] is a plant species widely cultivated as an ornamental. It is native to most of Europe from Spain and Ireland to Ukraine, with the exception of Scandinavia, Russia, Belarus and the Baltic countries. It is also considered native to Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus. It is naturalized in Denmark, South Australia, New South Wales, Nova Scotia and much of the eastern United States.

Description

[edit]

Leucojum aestivum is a perennial bulbous plant, generally 35–60 cm (14–24 in) tall, but some forms reach 90 cm (35 in). Its leaves, which are well developed at the time of flowering, are strap-shaped, 5–20 mm (0.2–0.8 in) wide, reaching to about the same height as the flowers. The flowering stem (scape) is hollow and has wings with translucent margins. The pendant flowers appear in late spring and are borne in umbels of usually three to five, sometimes as many as seven. The flower stalks (pedicels) are of different lengths, 25–70 mm (1.0–2.8 in) long. The flowers are about 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) in diameter and have six white tepals, each with a greenish mark just below the tip. The black seeds are 5–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long.[7][8][9]

After flowering, the fruits develop flotation chambers but remain attached to the stem. In Britain, it has been recorded that flooding causes the stems to break and the fruits to be carried downstream and stranded in river debris or on flood-plains. The bulbs can also be transported during heavy floods and deposited on river banks.[10]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Leucojum aestivum was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1759.[2] The Latin specific epithet aestivum means "of the summer".[11] Two subspecies have been recognized (sometimes as varieties rather than subspecies): the nominate L. aestivum subsp. aestivum and L. aestivum subsp. pulchellum.[9] The latter has also been treated as a separate species, L. pulchellum.[2] L. aestivum subsp. pulchellum is differentiated by its generally smaller dimensions.[9] It has 1–5 flowers per stem compared to the 3–8 of subsp. aestivum and is restricted to swampy areas in the western Mediterranean.[12] The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families does not recognize any infraspecific taxa.[13]

Leucojum vernum, its close relative (and the only other species in the genus Leucojum), flowers in Spring.

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Leucojum aestivum is native to most of Europe, with the exception of Scandinavia, Russia, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics, and is also native to Turkey, the Caucasus, and Iran. It is naturalized in other parts of Europe, including Denmark, in South Australia, New South Wales, Nova Scotia, and much of the eastern United States.[2][14] L. aestivum is found in damp places, such as wet meadows, swamps, and ditches.[7][9]

Cultivation

[edit]

Leucojum aestivum is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its flowers. It requires a damp position, growing well on clay soils, where it increases rapidly.[8] The cultivar 'Gravetye Giant' is robust, growing to 90 cm (35 in) with up to eight flowers on each scape. It is named after Gravetye Manor, an Elizabethan manor house in West Sussex, England, the former home of the gardener William Robinson.[15] 'Gravetye Giant' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[16][17] Another cultivar is 'Nancy Lindsay'. Shorter and more compact than 'Gravetye Giant' at 50–60 cm (20–24 in), its flowers, 5–6 per stem, have tepals that are rounder and broader. It originated in a garden in southern France owned by Nancy Lindsay.[12]

Toxicity

[edit]

All species of Leucojum are poisonous, as the leaves and bulbs contain the toxic alkaloids lycorine and galantamine.[14][18][19]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Other older vernacular names include mountain snowdrop and summer snowdrop.[6]

References

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  1. ^ Lansdown, R.V. (2014). "Leucojum aestivum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T164488A45461549. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164488A45461549.en. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Leucojum aestivum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  3. ^ a b A. R. Clapham, et al. Flora of the British Isles. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1987. p. 551. ISBN 9780521389747
  4. ^ Norman Taylor. Taylor's Pocket Guide to Bulbs for Spring. Houghton Mifflin, 1989. p. 60. ISBN 9780395510186
  5. ^ a b Dale Mayer. The Complete Guide to Companion Planting: Everything You Need to Know to Make Your Garden Successful. Atlantic, 2010. p. 225. ISBN 9781601383457
  6. ^ H. L. Gerth van Wijk. A Dictionary of Plant Names. Volume 1. Martinus Nijhoff, 1911. p. 751.
  7. ^ a b Grey-Wilson, Christopher; Mathew, Brian; Blamey, Marjorie (1981). Bulbs : the bulbous plants of Europe and their allies. London: Collins. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-00-219211-8.
  8. ^ a b Mathew, Brian (1987). The Smaller Bulbs. London: B.T. Batsford. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7134-4922-8.
  9. ^ a b c d Webb, D.A. (1980). "Leucojum aestivum". In Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M.; Webb, D.A. (eds.). Flora Europaea, Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-521-06662-4.
  10. ^ "Site name: Lodge Wood and Sandford Mill" (PDF). Natural England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
  11. ^ Hyam, R.; Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
  12. ^ a b Boens, Wim (March 2017). "An overview of Leucojum". The Plantsman. New Series. 16 (1): 20–25.
  13. ^ "Search for Leucojum aestivum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  14. ^ a b Straley, Gerald B.; Utech, Frederick H. "Leucojum aestivum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
  15. ^ Brittain, Julia (2006). "Gravetye Manor". Plant Lover's Companion: Plants, People and Places. David & Charles. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-7153-2421-9. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
  16. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Leucojum aestivum 'Gravetye Giant'". Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  17. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 60. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  18. ^ "Galantamine". Drugs.com. 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  19. ^ Birks, Jacqueline S. (2006). "Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006 (1): CD005593. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005593. PMC 9006343. PMID 16437532. CD005593.